Compartment Syndrome
Most of our muscles are divided into compartments surrounded by connective tissue called fasciam which is not very giving. Compartment syndrome is a painful condition that occurs when pressure within the muscle compartment builds to dangerous levels. This pressure can decrease blood flow, which prevents nourishment and oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells. Small nerve and muscle cells can die leading to permanent disability, weakness and numbness.
The leg pictured shows the section of calf that would be swollen, and a cross-section of the calf shows where the anterior compartment of muscle is located.
Classic Signs & Symptoms
- Muscle pain and cramping
- Swelling of the affected limb
- Weakness and decreased range of motion in the affected limb
- Tingling, burning or numbness
Two Types to Consider
1. Non-Traumatic/Exertional
- The pain and swelling are caused by physical exertion. People who participate in activities with repetitive motions, such as running or marching, are more likely to develop non traumatic compartment syndrome.
- This may be relieved by discontinuing the physical activity and rest. It is commonly mistaken as shin splints in the lower leg.
- This may become a surgical emergency and require surgical treatment.
2. Traumatic
- Caused by a variety of things: Broken bone
- Badly bruised muscle
- Crush type injuries
- Anabolic steroid use
- Constricting bandages or clothing
- Traumatic compartment syndrome is considered a surgical emergency and requires surgical treatment.
Watch-Outs
- A swollen, painful limb that does not improve with rest can be a sign of a significant emergency and should be treated in an emergency department.
- Any numbness or weakness in the limb should mandate transport for professional medical evaluation.
Provided by Training & Safety Manager Stephen Patterson
This safety message comes from the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) Risk Management Committee’s Six Minutes for Safety Program. https://www.nwcg.gov/committee/6mfs